Conclusion. For example, ad hominem is a common logical fallacy in which the person. In the remaining subsections, we will consider a number of other informal logical fallacies. Savings Get 3 for the price of 2 Shop items. Formal fallacies, by contrast, are flaws in deductive logic and can thus be identified purely by looking at the form of an argument. A paradigm example of an informal fallacy is the fallacy of composition. Thank you for doing your part! Complete List Of All Fallacies. Most of the objections are based on simple logical fallacies. It is basically making a claim based on evidence that it just too small. Argument against the Person or Ad Hominem 5. A logical fallacy is a flawed reasoning or false assumption that doesn’t prove anything, even though it may seem to initially make sense on the surface. More than 100 years ago, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes observed that popular catchwords can stunt critical thinking for 50 years or more. Transfer fallacy. For example, a person may use the Genetic Fallacy to discredit an argument by attacking the source of the argument, rather than the argument itself. [1] Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed by reproducible research, [2] [3] there are often controversies about how to classify. In fact, we are there primarily for safety - comfort is secondary. For when you want your contour a little more going out out, NARS powder bronzer with soft focus technology gives a photo-perfect finish. Most people will be familiar with the phrase ‘ jumping on the bandwagon ’. 1. To begin, students read a short text about debating and logical fallacies and then match important key terms in bold from theCredit: AMC. The first to classify the fallacies was Aristotle . Common Logical Fallacies Made By Muslims Dr. Fallacies can instil positive feelings in the viewer and in doing so can change the perception of a product, service, organisation or even a competitor. STANFORD, Calif. First, the feminist argument typically alleges that pornography increases men’s willingness to rape women, or at least to think of them only as sex objects. Understanding fallacies will help you spot. One may be led to think there may even. Fallacious arguments may oversimplify, fail to provide adequate evidence, make jumps in logic, or divert attention. Specifically, this is a claim that a policy which takes a small step in one direction will lead to a chain of events that will result in drastic change. The anecdotal evidence fallacy is a common occurrence where speakers use anecdotes of their personal experience to justify a statement without facts or data. By recognizing the fallacies below, you can avoid using them in your arguments and catch them while reading other’s arguments. 3 Fallacyofdivision–assumingthatsomethingtrue ofathingmustalsobetrueofallorsomeofits parts. It’s important to note that the presence of a fallacy in an argument doesn’t mean that it can’t be persuasive. Below are definitions of our five logical fallacies from these. ideology and politics. Logical fallacies also should send up red flags in students’. Generalization : A conclusion or judgement made from insufficient evidence. Fallacies are most often identified when a conclusion, claim, or argument is not properly supported by its premises (supporting statements). The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid form of inference but in a false premise. This is not a false dichotomy because it presents the only two logical possibilities. Source: The decision lab. But as students of rhetoric, part of our job is to spend time identifying these fallacies in. In the remaining subsections, we will consider a number of other informal logical fallacies. Their minds are left largely untouched and. E. Spiritual truth is not determined by popularity or growth in numbers. Why Does It Matter? Detecting the flaws in an argument is important. There are also arguments that. fallacy meaning: 1. Definition: Making assumptions about a whole group or. Many people will remember the Daily Mail’s scandalous attack on former Labour leader, Ed Miliband. False cause fallacy example in media. Fallacies What this handout is about This handout discusses common logical fallacies that you may encounter in your own writing or the writing of others. Appeals to pity and compassion are among. an idea that a lot of people think is true but is in fact false: 2. At the end of the day, they work against the persuasive strategies and leave your audience not convinced of your argument. The bandwagon fallacy. Find 5 examples of logical fallacies in advertising, a political speech, sign, or TV show. construction of fallacies to the pursuit of human interests and irrational desires. For example, the following statement plays inaccurately to authority by assuming that one person only knows best, without. They soon forget them. Logical fallacies are deceptive or false arguments that use faulty reasoning to shift the direction of a discussion away from the main point. Craig Hanks, Chair Comal Building, Room 102 Phone: (512)245-2285 Fax: (512) 245-8335 philosophy@txstate. 1. 1. The most recent. And, unfortunately, we internalise them, like bad habits, into our own. An argument based on emotion, not reason. Logical Fallacies Handlist: Fallacies are statements that might sound reasonable or superficially true but are actually flawed or dishonest. Instead of looking into examples and evidence that are much more in line with the typical or average situation, you draw a conclusion about a large population using a small, unrepresentative sample. Constructing and supporting an argument is a challenging task. An Appeal to Emotion aims to manipulate emotions or evoke an affective response to gain acceptance, as opposed to using logically compelling evidence. Formal fallacies contain errors in the logical structure of an argument, and only its logical structure, while informal fallacies contain errors in the premise or assumptions, form, and content (material and verbal) of the argument (Schagrin, et al, 2021) regardless of logical structure. These errors involve false judgments of the available factual material, and all lead to untenable conclusions. A false dilemma can mislead readers or listeners and give them an unrealistic view of the scenario being presented. Logical fallacies are deceptive or false arguments that may seem stronger than they actually are due to psychological persuasion, but are proven wrong with reasoning and further examination. A non-sequitur occurs when an argument’s conclusion does not logically follow from its premises. The speaker commits both these fallacies when he urges his audience to reject the beliefs of his opponent by showing that such beliefs originate in a source (either the opponent himself or another person or persons who share the same belief) that is unreliable or objectionable. is a 501 (c) (3) public charity and contributions are tax deductible. 1 We begin with a formal fallacy,2 that of affirming a disjunct : 1. Each of which has circulated during the pandemic. Man is more than just an animal and music is more than sound waves. To avoid falling. Logical fallacies can also be used as a source of humor. The Straw Man. 4 These are specific patterns of deceptively convincing but false reasoning, called fallacies. Welcome to Dr. 5 Logical Fallacies. After the escape, Garrett set out to remove Billy from the landscape, one way or another. A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy or false binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. 1. . Fallacies. ”. Fallacious arguments may oversimplify, fail to provide adequate evidence, make jumps in logic, or divert attention. Quite the opposite is true. 3. It’s a shame that the first genuinely bad episode of Better Call Saul is also the one featuring a fun cameo from comedic legend Carol Burnett, but here we are. 20 common logical fallacies. 4. 1. Since Aristotle, fallacies have been classified in different ways. The quest for social justice is a powerful crusade of our time, with an appeal to many different. It is also known as a faulty analogy, weak analogy, wrongful comparison , metaphor as argument, and analogical fallacy. The ad hominem fallacy is the classic case of attacking your opponent instead of her arguments. Equivocation. The final reason investing in gold simply isn't a wise idea is its extreme inefficiency. "); Fallacies of Presumption, PHIL. An Appeal to Emotion aims to manipulate emotions or evoke an affective response to gain acceptance, as opposed to using logically compelling evidence. Gold is inefficient. Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. Baking powder must be delicious. Whether a sample size is large enough to support a claim depends on the specific claim. They are based upon common statements that are made within Christianity; whether in the context of a sermon, book, theologian, or conversation. Image/pexels. For example: Either the butler did it, or the witness for the defense is lying. 14 fallacies in advertising. False Dichotomy. There are five common categories of fallacies: 1. Welcome to Dr. A logical fallacy is a flaw in reasoning or a flawed structure that undermines the validity of an argument. In Social Justice Fallacies, renowned economist and social theorist Thomas Sowell critically examines the underlying assumptions of the social justice movement. In this instant New York Times bestseller, renowned economist Thomas Sowell demolishes the myths that underpin the social justice movement. They may seem convincing at first, but under closer examination, their underlying assumptions don’t hold up. g. A fallacy of logos that falsely offers only two possible options even though a broad range of possible alternatives, variations, and combinations are always readily available. List of cognitive biases. A formal fallacy is an argument containing a faulty structure or form. With certain other fallacies, like the red herring and ad hominem fallacies, a claim can be both true and fallacious. Chapter Eight: Fallacies. The argumentum ad lapidem is a logical fallacy in which one speaker dismisses the argument of another as being outright absurd and patently untrue without presenting further evidence to support this dismissal. Logical Fallacies. Fallacies may, nevertheless, be powerfully persuasive because they often make a strong appeal to the emotions —not to reason. 4. Falsies definition: . Specific types of errors that can occur in logic are referred to as logical fallacies. 1 contains a partial list of logical fallacies. Avoiding Fallacies. Definitions may fail to have merit, because they: are overly broad, use obscure or ambiguous language, or contain circular reasoning; those are called fallacies of definition. 5 Smiles all round. Imagine a large grizzly bear is terrorizing your neighborhood. . The handout provides definitions, examples, and tips on avoiding these fallacies. Learn more. Simply stated, a fallacy is a misleading or unsound argument, one in which the conclusion does not follow from preceding statements, or premises. The fallacies you see below are a brief list I have compiled over the course of several years. Leadership and Management. Fal làcia " ad ignorantiam ". Having an understanding of primary logical fallacies may help you extra confidently parse the arguments and claims you take part in and witness each day — separating reality from sharply dressed fiction. For example, the genetic fallacy makes an appeal to the. Arguments Most academic writing tasks require you to make an argument—that is, to present reasons for a ad ignorantiam (appeal to ignorance) The truth of a claim is established only on the basis of lack of evidence against it. The Bandwagon Fallacy is when someone concludes that something is true or good simply because it is popular. These errors are errors of induction. 3. The Tx Sharpshooter Fallacy. This fallacy gets its colorful name from an anecdote about a Texan who fires sein gun on ampere barn wall, and then proceeds to paint a target around the closest cluster von bullet holes. pasca) should be "passover. falsies definition: 1. Appeal to pity. This is merely a quick and easy list — many, many more fallacies exist (sadly). Here is a list of 11 common logical fallacies using the same basic statement to help you follow what logical flaws are occurring: 1. Yet, just as not all facts are created equal, all opinions are also not created equal. It means against the person; it refers to an attack on the person rather than on argument. Skip till content . Division: Presuming that what is true of the whole must be true of some or all of the parts. Did you know? Evaluate the quality of inductive, deductive, and causal reasoning. In fact, playbooks only work “if key actors agree it is the right play” and faithfully carry out their prescribed parts. When we exegete Scripture, the implication is that we are using a method of hermeneutic that values understanding the authorial intent of the passage in order to derive its true meaning (often called "authorial intent hermeneutic" or. Although he denied it at first, William Henry Roberts later claimed to be Billy the Kid, the same man allegedly shot down by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner, New Mexico Territory, around midnight on July 14, 1881. The following incorrect argument is an example of a formal fallacy: Since only seniors have their pictures in the book, and since John is a senior, then John's picture is in the book. The writer needs to ensure that every premise and piece of evidence presented fits seamlessly into the whole, smoothly leading the reader to the desired conclusion. It is made up of two poisons: sodium and chlorine! Therefore, table salt has got to be poisonous. Some logical fallacies are more common than others. If you are interested in learning more of them, Stanford, Purdue, the University of North Carolina, and the University of Texas at El Paso have put together some great logical fallacy lists. Fallacies that rely on premises irrelevant to the truth of the conclusion. ”. What is a Non-Sequiter? Focuses on a conclusion does not follow from the premises; the conclusion could be either true or false, but the argument is fallacious because there is a disconnection between the premise and the conclusion; all invalid arguments are special. Logical fallacies are like tricks, illusions of thought. Hasty generalization fallacy. Since then, only the types of known fallacies can be listed by hundreds, because their number can be infinite. Although we will discuss 10 common fallacies, more than 125 have been identified and named. 1. Here are common fallacies of relevance: 1. For. " The "false equivalence" is the comparison between things differing by many orders of magnitude: Deepwater Horizon spilled 210 million US gal (790 million. However, logical fallacies jar and disrupt arguments. Fallacies are not errors. We are asked to believe the idea because we believe the source, not because there is solid evidence. 1 of 5 Figuring Out Fallacies and Fake News With the recent prevalence of “fake news,” being able to identify the validity of an argument has become essential to understanding the world in our daily lives. Fallacious arguments may oversimplify, fail to provide adequate evidence, make jumps in logic, or divert attention. With hundreds of fallacies to choose from, it is always difficult to compile a list of ten fallacies that are the “most common” or “most important. As you write, be careful to avoid logic fallacies and ideological reasoning that would undermine the focus of your topic. 1. There are general ways that we can think about fallacies, and approaching arguments with these things in mind will help you recognize fallacious reasoning even if you can’t perfectly articulate where, why, and how something is going wrong. 1. In 1879 he married and settled in Lincoln county, New Mexico, where heWe will discuss 20 different informal fallacies, and we will group them into four families: (1) Fallacies of Distraction, (2) Fallacies of Weak Induction, (3) Fallacies of Illicit Presumption, and (4) Fallacies of Linguistic Emphasis. Logical fallacies are divided into three categories: 1. . There are literally hundreds of logical fallacies. Sometimes, writers will purposefully use logical fallacies to make an argument seem more persuasive or valid than it. Their bold, distracting arguments can work! Logical fallacies are popular in politics and advertising, but also appear in our personal conversations, as the frantic teenage driver-to-be reminds us. Trick or Treat. The ad hominem logical fallacy, like other logical fallacies, often shows up in writing where the author is attempting to make or defend a contentious point. These states hold truth but not the whole truth. Slippery slopeThe inconsistency fallacy is an argument that includes a contradiction. Definition of Logical Fallacies. BUY. Learn more. Verbal fallacies may be placed in either formal or informal classifications: Compare equivocation , which is a word- or phrase-based ambiguity , to the fallacy of composition , which is premise- and inference-based ambiguity. Achieving Culture Change in Your Organization. The correlation/causation fallacy. Fallacies are not always deliberate, but a good scholar’s purpose is always to identify and unmask fallacies in arguments. Fallacies are everywhere. Writers often look for evidence confirming what they already think and ignore any piece of evidence that seems to disprove their hypothesis. Dr. “Should not be discussed in college courses” = unrelated to the arguments that follow, so. We take these up in turn. Jane: “Mmm, I think your mom more. A world with clear reasoning is a world worth living in. Logical Fallacies to Avoid When Writing. In the tech world, this effect is often a case of perception. Logical fallacies are divided into three categories: 1. Politicians, media, and silver tongued deceivers will often use them in sneaky ways. Other names: Personal attack, name-calling. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that are based on poor or faulty logic. This reasoning is used often in advertising. Flight attendants, in general, are people pleasers and like to make the passengers happy, even. These tricks deceive your audience with their style, drama, or pattern, but add little to your speech in terms of substance and can actually detract from your effectiveness. Also included are examples, definitions, and tips on how to avoid the types of fallacies described here. inaccurate observations. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that are based on poor or faulty logic. Circular Argument. 1. Logical fallacies can be difficult to identify, as they often involve seemingly reasonable arguments that, upon closer examination, reveal underlying flaws. Go back to the Logical Fallacies Exercise Sheet and complete the following assignment: • Find an example of one the logical fallacies you just learned about (hasty generalization, circular argument, ad hominem attack, red herring) in music or on social media. Historical Errors in the Bible. Here are two examples of logical fallacies that can hamper the use value of your writing: Anecdotal Fallacy. The Strawman Fallacy. Learn to spot and avoid four common fallacies to prevent. There are online lists of logical fallacies , websites dedicated to explaining them, posters, children’s books, various videos, and, of course, memes. com. 55 1 Used from $30. He has written six New. These tips and tricks can offer all of this quickly and discretely to the eyes of an untrained audience. James White and Pastor Jason Wallace discussing Bart Ehrman's inconsistency on the issue of divine inspiration in light of textual. Crimes Committed With Fiat are Far Worse Than Crime With Crypto. Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Ad Hominem Fallacy. Correlation Is Not Causation. The handout provides definitions, examples, and tips on avoiding these fallacies. They can be classified by their structure (formal. Fallacies of pathos rely excessively upon emotional appeals, attaching positive associations to the author’s argument and negative ones to his opponent’s position. A bad proof can be a false comparison. Fallacies weaken arguments and in doing so, weaken the overall strength of your paragraph or assignment. Non sequitur This term means "it does not follow. This is a list of well-known fallacies. Here are some common fallacies used in marketing along with examples of each: 1. Inexperienced people look at these things, as it were, from a distance; so to them the embellishments. Both formal and informal fallacies are errors of reasoning, and if a speaker or writer relies on such fallacies, even unintentionally, she undercuts her argument. One might expect an ancient text to have an accurate record of ancient events, but historians, as we know. The Strawman Fallacy. Appeal to false authority: using the opinion of an authority figure, or institution of authority, in place of an actual argument, especially when the person or. In lang=en terms the difference between fallacy and lie is that fallacy is an argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not. There are many commonly recognized types of informal fallacies. 3: Fallacies of Weak Induction. An ad hominem is a personal attack. Some fallacies may be subtler than others, but when used in marketing, they can have a strong persuasive effect. For example, when a journalist asked a question to a politician, the politician, instead of. The bandwagon fallacy. Table 3. Here are some examples of common fallacies: ad hominem A theory is discarded not because of any evidence against it or lack of evidence for it, but because of the person. A fallacy is an unconscious lie. In contrast, informal fallacies are those which cannot be identified without understanding the concepts involved in the argument. Think Again: How to Avoid Fallacies will show how to identify and avoid many of the fallacies that people use to get us to think the way they want us to think. In September, the company closed the store. It’s the apples and oranges issue. Finally, if you want a simple process to counter the logical fallacies and cognitive biases you encounter in life, then follow this 7-step process to develop the critical thinking skills habit. Let’s look at 5 fallacies and examples-Finally, if you want a simple process to counter the logical fallacies and cognitive biases you encounter in life, then follow this 7-step process to develop the critical thinking skills habit. The term fallacy is commonly used as a synonym for falsehood or false belief. But crypto has evolved into the killer app for criminals, ushering in a crypto-crime wave of epic proportions. It claims that (at least) one or the other of two alternatives is the case. Learning to distinguish between fallacious arguments and credible ones is the heart and soul of rhetorical analysis, which is a crucial component of both. She holds a Bachelor's Degree in Marketing and a Master’s Degree in Social Work. ARGUMENTS Most academic writing tasks require you to make an argument—that is, to present reasons for a. Common Logical fallacies. Formal fallacies involve errors in the structure or form of an argument, while informal fallacies arise from errors in the content, context, or delivery of the argument. This "law of logic" stipulates that with any proposition, it must be either true or false; a "middle" option is "excluded". As noted at the end of Section 6. Overview. Logical Fallacies – What They Are and How to Spot Them Infographic. The fallacy , or false analogy, is an argument based on misleading, superficial, or implausible comparisons. You may think that opinions are to be avoided in academic articles and academic writing. In talking to my students about the common logical fallacies, I stress that it is not as important that they are able to label a fallacy as it is to recognize when there is a problem with the logic in a given statement. Confirmation bias. Rhetorical fallacies, also called fallacies of argument, are a deceptive argument that has misleading reasoning at its foundation. Logical fallacies come in many different types and forms. Formal fallacies contain errors in the logical structure of an argument, and only its logical structure, while informal fallacies contain errors in the premise or assumptions, form, and content (material and verbal) of the argument (Schagrin, et al, 2021) regardless of logical structure. We seek to create work that is rooted in rational discourse. Appeal to false authority: using the opinion of an authority figure, or institution of authority, in place of an actual argument, especially when the person or. Logical fallacies are an easy way to strike a blow at an opponent or an opposing idea. Logical fallacies are often used by politicians and the media to fool people because. Informal: Informal fallacies are arguments that have irrelevant or incorrect premises. Most of these can be traced back to Aristotle and John Locke. Much of the time the truth does indeed lie between two extreme points, but this can bias our thinking: sometimes a thing is simply untrue and a compromise of it is also untrue. The process of actually doing research, getting a manuscript reviewed, and working with an editor can often clean up the fallacies in research writing. Slippery Slope 9. Explain common logical fallacies. An opinion is a person’s thoughts or feelings about a topic, and most everyone has opinions. an idea that a lot of…. 3: Fallacies of Relevance. Image/pexels. These mistakes in reasoning typically consist of an argument and a premise that does not support the conclusion. You may have heard of the red herring logical fallacy before; most fallacies of relevance are, in some way, red herrings. ”. Examine this concept through examples of philosophical fallacies that commonly appear in argumentation. Fallacy: Attack on the person. And an argument is valid only if its conclusion follows logically from the combination of its premises. The term comes from the Latin word fallacia, meaning "deception, deceit, trick, or. Fallacious arguments may oversimplify, fail to provide adequate evidence, make jumps in logic, or divert attention from the real issues. A simple obvious example of such fallacy is to argue that unicorns exist because there is no evidence against such a claim. While logical fallacies may be used intentionally in certain forms of persuasive writing (e. Informal fallacies are errors other than violations of the rules of formal logic. 15 Common Logical Fallacies. A conversation between Dr. A logical fallacy occurs when an argument is not adequately supported. In the dark, Billy had gone to cut a slice of meat. The Ad Hominem Fallacy occurs when the opposition party attacks a person making the argument. People who use this fallacy make conclusions based on unproven evidence and research. " "Let me say, incidentally, that some of you may say, "Well, that is all right, Senator, that is your. As British Columbia emerges from its worst wildfire season on record and continues to recover from recent climate disasters, two of the province’s. 1. The fallacies of weak induction are mistakes in reasoning in which a person’s evidence or reasons are too weak to firmly establish a conclusion. Three major fallacies are:. The word transformed in the late 15th century with Middle English to “fallacia”, which means “deception and guile. Use this website to point out the fallacies in other peoples arguments, or simply browse around to educate yourself on logically consistent lines of reasoning. If your arguments are not logical, readers won’t be convinced. , in political speeches aimed at misleading an audience), fallacies tend to undermine the credibility of objective. Problem Solving. [1] Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed by reproducible research, [2] [3] there are often controversies about how to classify. Try one of the following options for teaching students how to recognize bad reasoning and logic. Logical fallacies are deceptive or false arguments that use faulty reasoning to shift the direction of a discussion away from the main point. We will consider this fallacy in the next sub-section. In other words, fallacies are individual, logical errors in reason, whereas cognitive biases are consistent, psychological errors in thinking. Middle ground. In this logical fallacies worksheet, students become familiar with 12 common informal logical fallacies and practice identifying them. We are asked to believe the idea because we believe the source, not because there is solid evidence. 4) This lesson will help you as you read Plato’s Dialogues. an idea that a lot of…. All logical fallacies are non sequiturs, meaning the provided evidence (premise) does not logically support the conclusion. Logical fallacies can be difficult to identify, as they often involve seemingly reasonable arguments that, upon closer examination, reveal underlying flaws. An Appeal to Emotion aims to manipulate emotions or evoke an affective response to gain acceptance, as opposed to using logically compelling evidence. Logical fallacies are arguments that may sound convincing, but are based on faulty logic and are therefore invalid. Here are some of the most common fallacies to be. Ambiguity fallacies: Such fallacies employ unclear or equivocal terms or propositions, so that it becomes impossible to grasp a precise sense of what is being argued for. Man needs fallacies to face situations that affect his self-esteem. A fallacy arises when an incorrect idea is the basis for an argument. ". The argument is flawed due to the fact that two distinct beliefs are both promoted. ›. The study of fallacies can be dated back to the start of the study of logic. That sounds nice, but not all of them like to do things like that, according to businessinsider. A fallacy is an idea which many people believe to be true, but which is in fact false because it is based on incorrect information or reasoning. Here are three common logical fallacies: Confirmation bias; Strawman argument; Vicious circle; Let’s talk about them in more detail. Bart Ehrman's Youtube Channel, home of the "Misquoting Jesus" Podcast, which we release every week on Tuesday. Each one comes with an explanation so that you may be able to see them at work for yourself. illogical reasoning. Fallacies are everywhere. When presented in a formal argument, they can cause you to lose your credibility as a writer, so you have to be careful of them. Whether you’re writing a critical essay or having a heated discussion with your neighbor, being aware of logical fallacies can help you build stronger arguments and establish credibility. While there may be evidence to eventually support the belief that the two events are linked, the conclusion that the one must be due to the other simply because it happened. 15 Common Logical Fallacies. An ad hominem, or personal, attack is a form of rhetoric that criticizes or praises the person making an argument instead of the actual argument. It is important to avoid them in your own arguments, and it. 1 Fallacies of Relevance • A statement is RELEVANT to another statement if it provides at least some reason for thinking that the second statement is true or false. Hasty generalization: jumping to conclusions based upon an unrepresentative sample or insufficient evidence. “We are at our wits’ end. House cats must also be ruthless killers. Garrett learned that The Kid had been in and out of Sumner, New Mexico, and was staying there with Pete Maxwell.